Aim: According to Vorfian's theory (1956), language affects thought. The present study investigates the relationship between language and memory.Method: A quasi-experimental method was employed where the statistical population consisted of 1500 undergraduate students of Payam-Noor University. Of these, 100 Persian-Turkish bilinguals were selected and tested.All participants completed the Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q, Marian, etal., 2007), providing information about their language-learning history, language proficiency, and language use. Then participants were divided into two groups of "equally proficient in both languages" (balanced bilinguals) and "more proficient in one language" (imbalanced bilinguals) and were tested for free recall memory.Results: Results showed words that were learned and tested in the same language in balanced bilinguals, showed a retrieval advantage compared to words that were learned and tested in different languages.Conclusion: These findings suggest that memory and language are tightly connected and that the linguistic context at the time of learning may become integrated into memory content but language proficiency modulates these effects. These findings must be considered in learning and testing of bilinguals.

Background & Objective: Sellick's maneuver is a routinely used technique for the prevention of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents during anesthesia. The rationale for the application of cricoid pressure necessitates that it is applied at the loss of consciousness during rapid sequence induction. Cricoid pressure therefore, may be fully applied at a level of anesthesia where awareness, and possibly recall, of the: maneuver occurs.Materials & Methods: This study was setup to determine the frequency of awareness and recall Sellick's maneuver following 100 patients (ASA I, II) who candidates for lower extremity surgery were randomly enrolled in this prospective study. After induction of anesthesia and application of cricoids pressure, symptoms of awareness and recall were recorded. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Spearman correlation.Results: The frequency of awareness and recall were 45% and 16%respectively.The frequency distribution of awareness severity based on grade 1, 2 and 3 were 16%, 6% and 1% respectively. The frequency distribution of recall severity based on mild, moderate and sever were 15%, zero and 1% respectively. The correlation between awareness severity and recall severity was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: Due to high frequency of awareness and recall following Sellick's maneuver and its complications, it is available to revise the procedure of this maneuver and in particular the accurte time in its application.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in 6 - years - old children of Khomein town.Method & Material: The present study was descriptive and crosses- sectional. A total of 7I3 student of this age, 485 in the city (245 boys, 240 girls) along with 227 students in the rural regions (119 boys and 108 girls) were selected for the study.Results: The results showed the prevalence of caries free about 18.7% in primary dentition and 19.2% in permanent dentition and the total percent of 18%.The prevalence of caries free was higher in boys than girls. The mean of dmft and DMFT in total was 4.02 and 0.15. The most dental treatment need was Cl 11 restorations (31.25%). Caries free prevalence in the city (19.2%) was more than rural areas (15.2%).Conclusion: The results of this study showed high difference between WHO standards and what found in the studied area, showing great needs for providing dental services and health instructions.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the types of memory problems in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (checking, washing and mixing) in terms of recognition memory and recall. Methods: 45 patients with obsessive-compulsive (15 checking and 15 washing and 15 combined) and 30 formed the control group (n = 15 as generalized anxiety disorder, and 15 normal subjects) were selected. Control groups in terms of demographic variables with groups checking, washing and mixing are matched. In terms of thoughts and actions obsessive-compulsive using the scale Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Yale-Brown and psychiatric interview were evaluated. In this study, subjects' memory two word lists (recalling list and browse using sign recognition) that utilizes computers were provided was examined. Results: Patients with obsessive-compulsive in terms of recognition memory and reminder using symptoms compared with normal control group, a significant difference. Conclusion: Memory problems in patients with obsessive-compulsive psychological theories, particularly in the context of cognitive-behavioral therapy seems to be explained and patients generally suffer from memory impairment.

Background and Aim: Dichotic listening has been defined as the simultaneous stimulation of both ears and has been used to evaluate a listener’, s binaural integration/separation ability. Dichotic tests are available in various languages and use varied stimuli. The study aimed to evaluate the differential performance of Tamil-speaking young adults in two tests of dichotic perception namely Dichotic Consonant Vowel (DCV) test and Dichotic Digit Test in Tamil (DDT-T). Methods: Sixty adults with normal hearing aged 18 to 35 years were the participants of the study. All the young adults were native speakers of the Tamil language without significant auditory history. DCV and DDT-T were administered in randomized order at 50 dB SL (re: SRT) in free recall condition. The participants were instructed to respond orally and the responses were noted. Results: Better performance was observed in dichotic digit compared to DCV test for all participants. This was attributed to the higher number of cues available in DDT-T. Further, error analyses of participants’,responses revealed that voicing errors were higher with the highest errors in the identification of unvoiced consonant /ta/ in both ears. The reason for this could be the lack of contextual cues in DCV test for Tamil-speaking individuals to interpret the voicing feature of a consonant. Conclusion: It can be concluded that DDT-T was more useful in assessing binaural integration ability of native Tamil speakers compared to DCV. It is recommended to be used in the behavioral test battery for evaluating auditory processing disorder in native Tamil speakers.

Cognitive theories suggest that information processing biases play a central role in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of explicit and implicit memory biases for emotional information in subclinically depressed (N=20) and normal controls (N=20) individuals. Participants were students at the University of Arak and were selected according to their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, 1978) and General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979). Four types of word (depression related, social threat related, positive and neutral words) were used in the explicit and implicit memory tasks. Explicit memory was assessed with a free recall and implicit memory with a word- stem completion task. Results of Repeated Measure Analysis of Variance showed that the depressed group showed a mood congruent memory bias at free recall. The results of this study failed to show the existence of a mood congruent memory bias for implicit memory in depressed individuals. The theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and the fourth common cancer in Iran. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the most useful tumor indicator for diagnosing premature Prostate cancer. The specificity and sensitivity of this test increases significantly when we measure the amount of serum free PSA and calculate the percentage.    Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive – analytical study that was done on 125 patients who were under prostatectomy. The patients were divided into 4 groups of <60, 60-69, 70-79 and 80 years old or above In terms of their total PSA (tPSA), the patients were divided to 3 groups of normal (0-3.9 ng/ml), borderline (4-9.9 ng/ml) and increased (10-19.9 ng/ml and 20 or more). As for their percentage of free PSA (fPSA%), they were divided to 3 groups of less than 18%, 18% -25% and more than 25%. Considering the biopsy results, they made 2 groups of BPH and cancer. After that, the tPSA and fPSA% were compared for diagnosing prostate cancer using statistical particularity and sensitivity tests.Results: The finding of the study indicate that by increasing the cut-off values of fPSA% up to 25%, the probability of being afflicted by cancer decreased, especially within the limit of tPSA of 4-9.9ng/ml by which 18.2% of cases were diagnosed as BPH, but there was no indication of cancer (P=0.0001). According to the results of our study, the tPSA within 4-9.9ng/ml was a good indicator for recognizing 7.1% cases of cancer. The rate of its sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing cancer was 20% and 77.39%, respectively.  However, in combination with fPSA% cut-off 18-25%, the rate of sensitivity increased to 53.57% , and that of specificity to 86.6% (0.001).Conclusion: In our study, fPSA%, in combination with tPSA, was able to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the tPSA test. Especially with fPSA% cut-off 18-25% in tPSA within the borderline limit of 4-9.9 ng/ml, which was the purpose of our study, it was able to diagnose cancer to a maximum degree in addition to increasing the sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, we suggest that fPSA% be used  as an aid test to tPSA, especially when the tPSA falls within low or borderline ranges which may be the an indication of cancer in early stages. So, it would increase the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer and decrease the costs involved.

Objective(s): To evaluation of five free Medline versions, this study designed. Material & Methods: This research was a cross - sectional study in nature and conducted to evaluate the five famous Medline versions (BioMedNet, Dimidi, Infotrieve, Grateful Med and Pub med) that are available freely on the Internet. For this purpose 36 topics requested for searching at the information center of the university of Kerman medical sciences were searched in the title field. Results: The results were analyzed statistically by using paired t-test and repeated ANOVA. There was no significant difference in recall and precision between under studied versions in both types of natural and structural language searching. But in each version there was a significant difference in recall and precision between natural and structural language searching (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, natural language searching has the higher rate of real and precision compared to structural language searching.